MIGRATIONS

Here you have a document about migrations, international organizations that take responsibility for this issue and useful information to prepare your topic.

GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT MIGRATIONS
WHAT IS A MIGRATION?

• -  MIGRATIONS are movements made by population from one geographical region to another.
• -  According to the Committee on Migrant Workers (CMW- An international organization to protect the rights of migrant workers), a MIGRANT is “ a person who is to be engaged, is engaged or has been engaged in remunerated activity in a State of which he or she is not national (citizen)”.
  
  
  
  GENERALLY SPEAKING, WE HAVE 2 TYPES OF MOVEMENTS:- EMIGRATIONS: Departure of a population from one place to another.- - IMMIGRATION: The arrival of people to new places.

MIGRATIONS HAVE ALWAYS EXISTED AND IN THE LAST YEARS (THANKS TO GLOBALIZATION, CONFLICTS, ETC.) ARE INCREASING.

NET MIGRATION RATE
No IMMIGRATIONS-No EMIGRATIONS= NET MIGRATION RATE (POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE)

TYPES OF MIGRANTS
- LEGAL: If they have permission or work contract.- ILEGAL: They arrive in a clandestine manner.- REFUGEES: Asylum due to safety problems.

CAUSES FOR MIGRATIONS
- Being forced to leave their countries (natural disasters, wars, religious per- secutions, unemployment, etc.)
- The appeal of the destination: better climate, better working conditions, etc.

TYPES OF MIGRATIONS
- INTERNAL: Within the State, like rural exodus in periods of crisis or desti- nation to more industrialize areas looking for a job.
- INTERNATIONAL: Between countries (around 250 million people in the world)

THIS TWO TYPES OF MIGRATIONS HAS AN ECONOMIC IMPACT IN BOTH PLACES, THE COUNTRY OF ORIGIN AND THE RECEIVING COUNTRY.
AN IMF STUDY, PUBLISHED IN OCTOBER 2016 (“IMPACT OF MIGRATION ON INCOME LEVELS IN ADVANCED ECONO- MIES”) SHOWS THAT MIGRATIONS INCREASE GDP AND PRODUCTIVITY IN ADVANCED ECONOMIES, IN BOTH HIGH- AND LOW-SKILLED MIGRANTS.

YOU CAN SEE AND INTERACTIVE MIGRATION MAP HERE http://metrocosm.com/global-immigration-map/

APART FROM ECONOMIC REASONS, MIGRATION OF REFUGEES ARE INCREASING IN THE WORLD.

HERE YOU HAVE A MAP OF ECONOMIC MIGRATIONS 2013.

POLICIES (MEASURES AND LAWS THAT STATES APPLY)

• -  COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN: Policies to favor emigration or the opposite, to keep the people in the country if needed.
• -  RECEIVING COUNTRIES: This policies regulate the entry and the type of migrants welcomed, the rights they have and the employment conditions. They also rule integration of cultures and help them to return to their coun- tries.
  
  CONSECUENCES
  
  - COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN:- :-) Decreases overpopulation and birth rate (emigrants are usually young)- :-) Decreases unemployment and social conflicts- :-( Lost of young population and ageing society.
  
  - RECEIVING COUNTRIES:- :-) Rejuvenation of their population and increases birth rate.
  - :-) Supply chip and non-qualified work that must be done.
  - :-) Increases linguistic and cultural diversity.
  - :-( Problems of coexistence (xenophobia, racism, etc.)
  - :-( Lack of affordable accommodation, etc.

ABOUT HUMAN RIGHTS AND MIGRATIONS INSIDE THE UNITED NATIONS

ORGANIZATIONS YOU NEED TO KNOW

• -  GLOBAL FORUM ON MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT (GFMD): Created between 2006-2007. It does not belong to the UN, but its 150 Member States are members and observers of the UN. Its aim is the protection of human and employment rights.
  https://gfmd.org
  
  
• -  DURBAN DECLARATION AND PROGRAM OF ACTION AGAINST RACISM AND XENOPHOBIA (DDPA): Conference promoted by the UN in Durban (South Africa) in 2001. In this declaration they promote measures against discrimination.
  http://www.un.org/WCAR/durban.pdf
  
  
• -  HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL (HRC): Council created in 2006 by the General Assembly of the UN by resolution 60/251, formed by 47 Member States. Its aim is protecting human rights all over the world. They meet throughout the year to address human rights violations in the world, collaborating also with other agencies and NGO ́s. Its basis is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1945).
  http://www.ohchr.org/en/hrbodies/hrc/pages/hrcindex.aspx
  
  
• -  GLOBAL MIGRATION GROUP (GMG): Created in 2006 by the UN to meet international goals about migrations and human rights. It is composed by

ALL THIS ORGANIZATIONS WORRIED ABOUT THE PRO- BLEMS FACED BY MIGRANTS:

Developed countries are recently closing their doors to immigrants as coun- tries become more nationalistic and tighten their immigration policies, so immigrants find barriers to successful integration in receiving countries.
Even for refugees, some countries don’t accept them or don’t provide with basic human rights.

- POLITICAL AND LEGAL
Developed countries are recently closing their doors to immigrants as coun- tries become more nationalistic and tighten their immigration policies, so immigrants find barriers to successful integration in receiving countries.
Even for refugees, some countries don’t accept them or don’t provide with basic human rights.
- PHYSICAL VIOLENCE:
Xenophobic violence, racism and intolerance against migrants and their cul-
ture.- HOUSING:
Migrants must sometimes live in unserviced or unplanned settlements in the outskirts of the cities (“ghetto”) due to the lack of resources.
- EDUCATION:
Migrants and their families come from countries with different languages and cultures. The integration inside the educational system is not always easy.